《英国个人主义的起源》中采用的原始文献（中篇）

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前文中提到《英国个人主义的起源》中埃塞克斯郡的厄尔斯科恩（Earls Colne）村庄档案的访问网址，因网站更新缘故更换了网址，应为：http://linux02.lib.cam.ac.uk/earlscolne/intro/index.htm

参考书目：

1、艾伦·麦克法兰：《英国个人主义的起源：家庭、财产权和社会转型》，管可秾译，商务印书馆，2008年。

2、Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property and Social Transition, Cambridge University Press, 1978.

注：以下写明的第X页对应中文版的页码。

16-17世纪的日记、信件、账簿等

    “幸而还有大量16世纪至17世纪间的其他日记和账簿保存下来。我在调查英格兰人的日记时，有意从大部分比较翔实的日记和自传中探索上达1720年的这一段历史，但是依据我们的前述定义，其中没有一个人表现出可称之为‘农民’的一种对待土地和经济的态度。上至皮普斯、桑顿夫人、布伦德尔、德埃韦斯、哈啦肯顿等富人，中有海伍德、斯托特、艾尔、杰克逊、洛德、莎拉·费尔等中层人士，下达罗杰·洛这样的学徒，他们的文件充分地证明，英格兰是一个高度发达的、货币化的社会。作者们清楚地展现了一种练达而‘理性的’态度，而且大部分作者记下了严谨的账目。……作者们的邻人和亲属在他们的撰述中不时地登台亮相，这些人同样是个人主义的、理性的、工于算计的人类，同样充分地参与了一种市场经济，参与了一个高度流动的社会。大多数这类私人文件所包含的未明言的假定似乎是，差不多每一样客观物都有它的价格和所有权者，从土地和房屋，到等而下之的一切东西，无非商品，都可以在市场上交换。”  （第86-87页）

1. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, eds. Robert Latham and William Matthews;

2. The Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton of East Newton, CoYork, (Surtees Soc., lxii, 1873), ed. C. Jackson;

3. Blundell's Diary: Comprising selections from the diary of Nicholas Blundell Esq. from 1702 to 1728 (Liverpool. 1895), ed. T. E. Gibson;

4. The Diary and Correspndence of Sir Simons D'Ewes, Bart. (1845), ed. James O. Halliwell, 2 vols;

5. The Account Book of Richard Harlakenden, senior and junior, 1603-1643, Ms. in E. R. O. Temp Acc. 897;

6. Rev. Oliver Heywood's Diary, 1630-1702 (Brighouse, 1882), ed. J. Horsfall Turner, 4 vols;

7. The Autobiography of William Stout of Lancaster, 1665-1752 (Manchester, 1967), ed. J. D. Marshall;

8. Adam Eyre, A Dyurnal (Surtces Soc. Ixv, 1875), ed. H. J. Morehouse;

9. 'James Jackson's Diary, 1650-1683' T. C. W. A. A. S.,  n.s. 21 (1921), selections by F. Grainger;

10. Robert Loder's Farm Accounts, 1610-1620 (Camden Soc., 3rd ser, 21, 1936), ed. G. E. Fussell;

11. Household Account Book of Sarah Fell of Swarthmoon Hall, 1673-8 (Cambridge, 1920), ed. N. Penny;

12. The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton-m-Makerfield, Lancashire, 1663-74 (1938), ed. Williams L. Sachse.

13. The farming book and accounts of Henry Best are printed in C. B. Robinson (ed.) Rural Economy in Yorkshire in 1641 (Surtees Soc., 1857).

延伸阅读

1. The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1: The Middle Ages

The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1: The Middle Ages explores the richness and variety of life-writing from late Antiquity to the threshold of the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, writers from Bede to Chaucer were thinking about life and experimenting with ways to translate lives, their own and others', into literature. Their subjects included career religious, saints, celebrities, visionaries, pilgrims, princes, philosophers, poets, and even a few 'ordinary people.' They relay life stories not only in chronological narratives, but also in debates, dialogues, visions, and letters. Many medieval biographers relied on the reader's trust in their authority, but some espoused standards of evidence that seem distinctly modern, drawing on reliable written sources, interviewing eyewitnesses, and cross-checking their facts wherever possible. Others still professed allegiance to evidence but nonetheless freely embellished and invented not only events and dialogue but the sources to support them.

The first book devoted to life-writing in medieval England, The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1: The Middle Ages covers major life stories in Old and Middle English, Latin, and French, along with such Continental classics as the letters of Abelard and Heloise and the autobiographical Vision of Christine de Pizan. In addition to the life stories of historical figures, it treats accounts of fictional heroes, from Beowulf to King Arthur to Queen Katherine of Alexandria, which show medieval authors experimenting with, adapting, and expanding the conventions of life writing. Though Medieval life writings can be challenging to read, we encounter in them the antecedents of many of our own diverse biographical forms-tabloid lives, literary lives, brief lives, revisionist lives; lives of political figures, memoirs, fictional lives, and psychologically-oriented accounts that register the inner lives of their subjects.

2. The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume2. Early Modern

The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume2. Early Modern explores life-writing in England between 1500 and 1700, and argues that this was a period which saw remarkable innovations in biography, autobiography, and diary-keeping that laid the foundations for our modern life-writing. 

The challenges wrought by the upheavals and the sixteenth-century English Reformation and seventeenth-century Civil Wars moulded British and early American life-writing in unique and lasting ways. While classical and medieval models continued to exercise considerable influence, new forms began to challenge them. The English Reformation banished the saints' lives that dominated the writings of medieval Catholicism, only to replace them with new lives of Protestant martyrs. Novel forms of self-accounting came into existence: from the daily moral self-accounting dictated by strands of Calvinism, to the daily financial self-accounting modelled on the new double-entry book-keeping. This volume shows how the most ostensibly private journals were circulated to build godly communities; how women found new modes of recording and understanding their disrupted lives; how men started to compartmentalize their lives for public and private consumption. The volume doesn't intend to present a strict chronological progression from the medieval to the modern, nor to suggest the triumphant rise of the fact-based historical biography. Instead, it portrays early modern England as a site of multiple, sometimes conflicting possibilities for life-writing, all of which have something to teach us about how the period understood both the concept of a 'life' and what it mean to 'write' a life.

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